Statistics In Criminology And Criminal Justice: Analysis And Interpretation ((TOP))
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This book provides hands-on guidance for researchers and practitioners in criminal justice and criminology to perform statistical analyses and data visualization in the free and open-source software R. It offers a step-by-step guide for beginners to become familiar with the RStudio platform and tidyverse set of packages.
The use of statistics and statistical analysis on crime and criminal justice is critical in order for governments to be effective in implementing anti-crime programs and protect the well-being of the population and assess the social impact of public expenditures and policies. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, in the age of cybercrimes even, the collection of reliable and comprehensive criminal justice statistics cannot be understated. Countries collect huge amount of data pertaining to crimes, criminal profiles and related socio-economic, political and geographic profile of different communities and the country as a whole in order to sustain its respective criminal justice system. In many cases, the governments undertake extensive research using quantitative or qualitative techniques or both in order to generate the data. During the research process, statistical analysis is required to transform all these data into useful information for effective criminal justice decision-making as well as policy research.
The study of statistics involves the extensive use of numbers and information meant to describe a situation or derive a logical inference or conclusion from analyzing both numerical figures and non-numerical facts. Statistics broadly refers to a range of techniques and procedures for analyzing, interpreting, displaying and making decisions based on data. Statistics may either be descriptive or inferential. The explosion of available data made possible by technology advances has resulted in a great need to make sense of all data collection, thus statistical analysis has never been more important. Today, data mining is being undertaken across many fields and organizations and statistical analysis becomes indispensable in order to convert all the data into information that will be useful in a variety of ways. In addition, information systems of organizations rely on good statistics so that users are able to rely on the information they generate for a variety of purposes including planning and decision-making.
According to a United Nations document, the development of criminal justice statistics is closely tied to the operations of the criminal justice system itself. Generally, this system is composed of five major justice components: police, prosecutors, courts, prisons and noncustodial measures. There are sub-components to each of the major criminal justice branches that all make up a complex network of agencies concerned with crime, criminals and victims.
Statistical data in criminal justice are gathered to answer questions and often data is collected during the crime investigation process. In defining the scope of criminal justice statistics, it is important to know who the past and present users are and for what purpose the data will be used. The questions may also deal with who submits the data, who receives the data, what data is submitted and in what form and at what interval. In considering the criminal justice statistics system by itself, there is also a need to consider what critical policy issues should be included in the formulation of any program to improve it.
The consideration of underlying questions with regard to these starting points may very well lead to an exhaustive description of the scope and concern of criminal justice statistics and most importantly its analysis. Data must be transformed into information in order to be truly useful and practical. In this paper, we discuss the influence of statistical analysis on criminal justice research and the role of research in the delivery of the services under the criminal justice system.
The use of statistics and statistical analysis on crime and criminal justice is critical in order for governments to be effective in implementing anti-crime programs and protect the well-being of the population and assess the social impact of public expenditures and policies. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, in the age of cybercrimes even, the collection of reliable and comprehensive criminal justice statistics cannot be understated. Countries collect huge amount of data pertaining to crimes, criminal profiles and related socioeconomic, political and geographic profile of different communities and the country as a whole in order to sustain its respective criminal justice system. In many cases, the governments undertake extensive research using quantitative or qualitative techniques or both in order to generate the data. During the research process, statistical analysis is required to transform all these data into useful information for effective criminal justice decision-making as well as policy research [2].
A third area of impact of statistical analysis on criminal justice research is in policy research and analysis. Policy analysis seeks to determine the effects of changes in policy, law or procedure or in the environment and to develop appropriate strategies when these anticipated effects occur. An example would be policy analysts looking at the effect of procedural changes on the criminal justice process such as when it undertakes research to assess the level of increase in judicial capacity when a change in case-filing procedures that reduces the average case-to-case period by five percent is adopted. Another would be looking at the effects of demographic shifts such as declining median population age on the crime rate. Still another example would be undertaking studies to determine the effect of crime rate shifts on the workloads of components of the criminal justice system [3].
This introductory textbook takes a building-block approach that emphasizes the application and interpretation of statistics in research in crime and justice. This text is meant for both students and professionals who want to gain a basic understanding of common statistical methods used in criminology and criminal justice before advancing to more complex statistical analyses in future volumes.
David Weisburd is a leading researcher and scholar in criminology and criminal justice. He is Distinguished Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University in Virginia and Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Professor Weisburd has received many awards and prizes for his contributions to criminology and criminal justice including the Stockholm Prize in Criminology and the Sutherland and Vollmer Awards from the American Society of Criminology.
Chester Britt was a leading researcher and scholar in the field of criminology. During his career, he taught at a number of universities and led departments at Northeastern University, Arizona State University, and the University of Iowa. His research addressed theories of criminal behavior and victimization, demography of crime and criminal careers, criminal justice decision-making, and quantitative research methods.
David B. Wilson is a Professor in the Criminology, Law and Society Department at George Mason University in Virginia. He is a social psychologist and leading applied statistician in the field of criminology, and was the recipient of the Mosteller Award from the Campbell Collaboration for his contributions to the science of systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alese Wooditch is an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Temple University. She received her PhD from George Mason University. Professor Wooditch is interested in innovative spatial statistical analyses in the area of criminology and criminal justice experimental and computational criminology, and quantitative methodological issues.
The roots of criminology trace back to a movement to reform criminal justice and penal systems more than 200 years ago. The first collection and use of crime statistics in the 19th century then laid the groundwork for generations of increasingly sophisticated tools and methods, leading to our modern use of descriptive statistics, case studies, typologies, and predictive analytics.
The code served as a model for penal code revisions in several states. It was also instrumental in charting the federal penal code for the first time. The code inspired other efforts to reform criminal law through criminology research application.
In the 20th century, new approaches to criminology focused on the causes of crime, such as conflicts between social and economic classes leading to social upheaval, as JRank explains. Social-process criminology emphasizes criminal behavior as something people learn through interaction with others, usually in small groups.
Similarly, criminology research has affected how criminals are treated in custody. The American Bar Association (ABA) has developed Standards on Treatment of Prisoners that describe correctional policies and professional standards that comply with constitutional and statutory law.
The article describes the challenge in determining whether cannabis use increases or reduces crime levels. Various analyses of crime rate trends in states where cannabis has been legalized have come to conflicting conclusions, pointing to the complexity of arriving at a definitive answer about what contributes to criminal activity. Criminologists use a variety of sources and techniques to try to provide statistics that can accurately portray crime trends and inform criminal policies.
The Doctor of Philosophy degree in criminology and criminal justice is a valuable advanced degree that gives successful graduates specialized knowledge and a greatly increased earning potential whether working in their chosen field or pursuing an academic career. 153554b96e
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